TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contracts

This page lists blockchain projects that use the trusted execution environment (TEE) to achieve confidential smart contracts.

Last update: 14 October 2024

To add/update a project, send in a pull request

🎓 Academic project  🌉 Industrial project  🏆 Focus on achieving confidential smart contract   🍀 Additional function

Name&Description

Paper

News

Hela

HeLa is a modular Layer-1 solution designed by renowned engineers and scientists in collaboration with

🍀 🌉

(Tech Documentation) Hela Whitepaper
The Role of Trusted Execution Environment in HeLa Chain

Fhenix

Onchain confidentiality powered by the first FHE L2 Rollup

🍀 🌉

(Tech Report) FHE-Rollups: Scaling Confidential Smart Contracts on Ethereum and Beyond

TSC-VEE

A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment

🍀 🎓

(TPDS 24) TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment

MECAT

Memory-Safe Smart Contracts in ARM TrustZone

🏆 🎓

(IEEE Access 24) MECAT: Memory-Safe Smart Contracts in ARM TrustZone

Lu's work

Trusted Execution Environment With Rollback Protection for Smart Contract-Based IoT Data Trading

🍀 🎓

(IOT 24) Trusted Execution Environment With Rollback Protection for Smart Contract-Based IoT Data Trading

ParaEthereum

Private and Parallel Smart Contracts with Trusted Hardware

🍀 🎓

(ICC 24) ParaEthereum: Private and Parallel Smart Contracts with Trusted Hardware

Wang's work

A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Data Sharing Scheme for Incremental Updates

🏆 🎓

(Symmetry 24) A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Healthcare Data Sharing Scheme for Incremental Updates

TrustHealth

Enhancing eHealth Security with Blockchain and Trusted Execution Environments

🏆 🎓

(Electronics 24) TrustHealth: Enhancing eHealth Security with Blockchain and Trusted Execution Environments

Antonio's work

Enhancing Healthcare Data Confidentiality through Decentralized TEE Attestation

🍀 🎓

(CSR 24) Enhancing Healthcare Data Confidentiality through Decentralized TEE Attestation

Microsoft Aura Confidential Ledger

Protect your data at rest, in transit, and in use with hardware-backed secure enclaves

🍀 🌉

(Tech Report) CCF: A framework for building confidential verifiable replicated services
Announcing the Confidential Consortium Blockchain Framework for enterprise blockchain networks

IBM Fabric Private Chaincode

Hyperledger Fabric Private Chaincode (FPC) enables the execution of chaincodes using Intel SGX for Hyperledger Fabric

🍀 🌉

(Tech Report 20) Hyperledger Fabric Private Chaincode
Confidentiality and integrity for blockchain smart contracts

Ant Group AntChain

Develop the world leading technology in the fields of blockchain and privacy computing to both private enterprises and the public

🍀 🌉

(ACM SIGMOD 20) Confidentiality Support over Financial Grade Consortium Blockchain
AntChain blockchain supports confidential computing using Ant's own chip

Alibaba Inclavare Containers

An open source enclave container runtime and security architecture for confidential computing scenarios

🍀 🌉

(Tech Documentation) TEE-based confidential computing
When Kubernetes Encounters Confidential Computing, How Does Alibaba Protect the Data in the Container?

Oasis Labs

Build your app on the world leading privacy-first blockchain

🏆 🌉

(EuroS&P 19) Ekiden: A platform for confidentiality-preserving, trustworthy, and performant smart contracts
Confidential smart contracts: How it works and why you should use oasis network

Visa's LucidiTEE

A TEE-blockchain system for policy-compliant multiparty computation with fairness

🍀 🌉

(Eprint 19) LucidiTEE: A TEE-Blockchain System for Policy-Compliant Multiparty Computation with Fairness
Visa builds blockchain-based trusted execution environment

Ontology Infrastructure

Bring trust, privacy, and security to Web3 through decentralized identity and data solutions

🍀 🌉

(White Paper) Ontology Infrastructure
ONT x TEEX: The First Mainnet that Supports Privacy Smart Contract is Ready

Phala Network

A privacy-preserving cloud computing service in the Web 3.0 ecosystem

🏆 🌉

(White Paper) A confidential smart contract network based on polkadot
Phala Network: confidential smart contracts for Polkadot

Secret Network

Secret Network is the first blockchain with customizable privacy. You get to choose what you share, with whom, and how

🏆 🌉

(White Paper) Secret Network Overview
What is secret network?

China's self-developed Chang'An Chain

Chang'An Chain, known as Chain Maker, is a hardware and blockchain project with major government support

🍀 🌉

(White Paper) Chang'An Chain (Chinese version)
Chinese Chang'An chain enterprise blockchain joins digital yuan project

Super Computing Systems

Combined blockchain technology with trusted execution environments

🍀 🌉

Blockchain and trusted execution create trust

Orange Protocol

Orange is a protocol for building trustless, decentralized, and portable reputation for Web3

🍀 🌉

(Tech Documentation) Secure Computing Paradigm
Blockchain and trusted execution create trust

TeeWare

Using TEE to deliver unparalleled security, scalability, availability, and ease of use to address security and operational requirements for Blockchain

🍀 🌉

Product Overview

Conclave

Conclave makes it easy to encrypt your data throughout every stage in the data lifecycle at rest, in transit, and during processing

🍀 🌉

Confidential Smart Contracts using Conclave

AlphaPoint TrustedVM

A trusted virtual machine enabled by Intel? Software Guard Extensions (Intel SGX) technology which allows smart contracts and blockchain services to run securely

🍀 🌉

AlphaPoint Utilizes Intel Security Technology to Deliver Enterprise-Ready Blockchain Platform

Aggregion

Any scenarios for data collaboration in a secure and trusted environment

🍀 🌉

(Tech documentation) Confidential Data Processing Technology

Hyperledger Avalon

Trusted computing includes a variety of techniques to ensure that computation was done correctly and secretly

🍀 🌉

Hyperledger Avalon: Building the Next Wave of Confidential Applications

ConsenSys Private Blockchains

Using TEE to help blockchains scale, harden security, improve data privacy

🍀 🌉

(No paper, no prototype)
Busting the Myth of Private Blockchains

iExec

By combining blockchain and confidential computing, we are helping to build the next generation of the Internet

🍀 🌉

iExec Technical Documentation
iExec: Allowing Scalable, Efficient and Virtualized Off-chain Execution for Arbitrary Applications

Integritee Network

Harness the speed and confidentiality of trusted execution environments, combined with the trust of a decentralized network, with Integritee.

🍀 🌉

Integritee Lightpaper
What is Integritee? A full technical guide.

Enigma

Enigma enables decentralized applications to compute over encrypted data

🏆 🌉

(Report) Providing Scalable Privacy-Preservation to Smart Contacts
Intel and Enigma work on privacy-enhancing smart contracts

Occlum

A library OS empowering everyone to run every application in secure enclaves

🍀 🌉

Confidential Computing for Everyone: Getting Started with Occlum and Its Related Technologies

EPT

Enhancing User Transparency for Confidential Smart Contract

🍀 🎓

(EPT 23) EPT: Enhancing User Transparency for Confidential Smart Contract

BTAA

Blockchain and TEE-Assisted Authentication for IoT Systems

🏆 🎓

(IOT 23) BTAA: Blockchain and TEE-Assisted Authentication for IoT Systems

Huang's work

Making Smart Contracts Smarter on Blockchain

🍀 🎓

(WWW 24) Advancing Web 3.0: Making Smart Contracts Smarter on Blockchain

CLOAK

Towards practical development and deployment of confidential smart contracts

🏆 🎓

(ICDCS 21) Demo: A Framework For Development of Confidential Blockchain Smart Contracts

Bowman's Work

Private Data Objects: an Overview

🏆 🎓

(Eprint 18) Private Data Objects: an Overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx-mNHNINOg

SEFrame

An SGX-enhanced smart contract execution framework for permissioned blockchain

🏆 🎓

(ICDE 22) SEFram: An SGX-enhanced smart contract execution framework for permissioned blockchain

Fang's Work

An SGX-based execution framework for smart contracts upon permissioned blockchain

🏆 🎓

(DPD 22) An SGX-based execution framework for smart contracts upon permissioned blockchain

TZ4Fabric

Executing smart contracts with ARM trustZone

🏆 🎓

(Eprint 18) TZ4Fabric: Executing Smart Contracts with ARM TrustZone
TZ4Fabric: Executing Smart Contracts with ARM TrustZone

ShadowEth

Private smart contract on public blockchain

🏆 🎓

(JCST 18) ShadowEth: Private Smart Contract on Public Blockchain
ShadowEth:Private Smart Contract on Public Blockchain

FASTKITTEN

Practical smart contracts on bitcoin

🏆 🎓

(USENIX Security 19) FASTKITTEN: Practical Smart Contracts on Bitcoin
FASTKITTEN: Practical Smart Contracts on Bitcoin

Super Protocol

Web3 confidential super cloud

🍀 🌉

(Whitepaper) Super Protocol
The future of Confidential Computing

Muller's Work

Execution of smart contracts with ARM TrustZone

🏆 🎓

(MasterThesis 19) Execution of Smart Contracts with ARM TrustZone

SGXonerate

Finding (and Partially Fixing) Privacy Flaws in TEE-based Smart Contract Platforms Without Breaking the TEE

🍀 🎓

(PETs 24) SGXonerate: Finding (and Partially Fixing) Privacy Flaws in TEE-based Smart Contract Platforms Without Breaking the TEE

Hou's work

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading with Privacy and Fair Exchange

🍀 🎓

(Blockchain 24) Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading with Privacy and Fair Exchange

DeCloak

Enable Secure and Cheap Multi-Party Transactions on Legacy Blockchains by a Minimally Trusted TEE Network

🍀 🎓

(TIFS 24) DeCloak: Enable Secure and Cheap Multi-Party Transactions on Legacy Blockchains by a Minimally Trusted TEE Network

PACTA

An IoT Data Privacy Regulation Compliance Scheme Using TEE and Blockchain

🍀 🎓

(IOT 23) PACTA: An IoT Data Privacy Regulation Compliance Scheme Using TEE and Blockchain

Li's Work

A distributed privacy preservation approach for big data in public health emergencies using smart contract and SGX

🍀 🎓

(CMC 22) A Distributed Privacy Preservation Approach for Big Data in Public Health Emergencies Using Smart Contract and SGX

SPOCS

A privacy-preserving outsourcing computing scheme based on secure trusted environment

🍀 🎓

(TCC 19) A Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing Computing Scheme based on Secure Trusted Environment

S-FaaS

S-FaaS: trustworthy and accountable function-as-a-service using Intel SGX

🍀 🎓

(CCSW 19) S-FaaS: Trustworthy and Accountable Function-as-a-Service using Intel SGX

Yu's Work

Towards a privacy-preserving smart contract-based data aggregation and quality-driven incentive mechanism for mobile crowdsensing

🍀 🎓

(Journal of Network and Computer Applications 19) Towards a privacy-preserving smart contract-based data aggregation and quality-driven incentive mechanism for mobile crowdsensing

Siris's Work

IoT resource access utilizing blockchains and trusted execution environments

🍀 🎓

(GIoTS 19) IoT Resource Access utilizing Blockchains and Trusted Execution Environments

Prov-Trust

Towards a trustworthy SGX-based data provenance system

🍀 🎓

(SECRYPT 20) Prov-Trust:Towards a Trustworthy SGX-based Data Provenance System

Mendes's work

Smart-contract blockchain with secure hardware

🏆 🎓

Smart-contract Blockchain with Secure Hardware

Tran's Work

Machine-as-a-service: blockchain-based management and maintenance of industrial appliances

🏆   🎓

(EngRep 22) Machine-as-a-Service: Blockchain-based Management and Maintenance of Industrial Appliances

Han's Work

A blockchain-Based and SGX-enabled access control framework for IoT

🍀 🎓

(Electronics 22) A Blockchain-Based and SGX-Enabled Access Control Framework for IoT

Trustee

Full privacy preserving vickrey auction on top of ethereum

🍀 🎓

(FC 19) Full Privacy Preserving Vickrey Auction on Top of Ethereum

Liu's work

A privacy-preserving outsourcing computing scheme based on secure trusted environment

🍀 🎓

(IEEE Trans. on Cloud Comput. 22) A Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing Computing Scheme based on Secure Trusted Environment

SECAUCTEE

Securing auction smart contracts using Trusted Execution Environments

🍀 🎓

(Blockchain 21) SECAUCTEE: Securing Auction Smart Contracts using Trusted Execution Environments

Bowman's work

Techniques for shared private data objects in a trusted execution environment

🍀 🎓

Techniques for shared private data objects in a trusted execution environment

FairCs

Blockchain-based fair crowdsensing scheme using trusted execution environment

🍀 🎓

(Sensors 20) Blockchain-Based Fair Crowdsensing Scheme using Trusted Execution Environment

OAPSS

A novel auction blockchain system with price recommendation and Trusted Execution Environment

🍀 🎓

(Mathematics 21) A Novel Auction Blockchain System with Price Recommendation and Trusted Execution Environment

Kwon's work

Executing computation-heavy smart contract outsourcing with SGX

🍀 🎓

Executing computation-heavy smart contract outsourcing with SGX

Ayoade's work

Decentralized IoT data management using blockChain and trusted execution environment

🍀 🎓

(IRI 18) Decentralized IoT Data Management Using BlockChain and Trusted Execution Environment

SECAUCTEE

SECAUCTEE: Securing auction smart contracts using trusted execution environments

🍀 🎓

(Blockchain 21) SECAUCTEE: Securing Auction Smart Contracts using Trusted Execution Environments

PrivacyGuard

PrivacyGuard: enforcing private data usage with blockchain and attested execution

🍀 🎓

(ESORICS 18) PrivacyGuard: enforcing Private Data Usage with Blockchain and Attested Execution

TEBDS

A trusted execution environment-and-blockchain-supported IoT data sharing system

🍀 🎓

(FGCS 22) TEBDS: A Trusted Execution Environment-and-Blockchain-supported IoT data sharing system

SecBCS

A trusted execution environment-and-blockchain-supported IoT data sharing system

🍀 🎓

(Science China 20) SecBCS: A Secure and Privacy-preserving Blockchain-based Crowdsourcing System

TeeSwap

TeeSwap: private data exchange using smart contract and Trusted Execution Environment

🍀 🎓

(HPCC 21) TeeSwap: Private Data Exchange using Smart Contract and Trusted Execution Environment

Li's work

An accountable decryption system based on privacy-preserving smart contracts

🍀 🎓

(ISC 20) An Accountable Decryption System Based on Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts

Senopra

Senopra: Reconciling data privacy and utility via attested smart contract execution

🍀 🎓

(Eprint 18) Senopra: Reconciling Data Privacy and Utility via Attested Smart Contract Execution

Alansari's work

A blockchain-based approach for secure, transparent and accountable personal data sharing

🍀 🎓

A Blockchain-based Approach for Secure, Transparent and Accountable Personal Data Sharing

Liu's Work

Privacy preserving divisible double auction with a hybridized TEE-blockchain system

🍀 🎓

(Cybersecurity 21) Privacy Preserving Divisible Double Auction with a Hybridized TEE-blockchain System

SDTE

A secure blockchain-based data trading ecosystem

🍀 🎓

(IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 19) SDTE:A Secure Blockchain-Based Data Trading Ecosystem

Isaac's Work

Confidentiality in a consortium blockchain network

🍀 🎓

(US Patent 17) Confidentiality in a Consortium Blockchain Network

Rohan's Work

Increasing security of an e-auction smart contracts with Intel SGX trusted hardware

🍀 🎓

(Thesis 22) Increasing security of an e-auction smart contracts with Intel SGX trusted hardware

Agrawal's work

Enabling verifiable execution of distributed secure

🍀 🎓

Enabling Verifiable Execution of Distributed Secure

Kotz's work

Information Provenance for Mobile Health Data

🍀 🎓

Information Provenance for Mobile Health Data

Qi's Work

SoK: Privacy-preserving smart contract

🏆 🎓

(HCC 24) SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Musale's Work

Exploring the Impact of Trusted Execution Environments on Smart Home Privacy Norms

🏆 🎓

(PETs 24) Trust TEE?: Exploring the Impact of Trusted Execution Environments on Smart Home Privacy Norms

Trustless Execution Environments

why TEEs are optimal networking infrastructure for Web3 and DeAI

🏆 🎓

Trustless Execution Environments

Valadares's work

Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Technologies

🏆 🎓

(Sensors 23) Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Technologies

Confidential Compute

TEE coprocessors or "Confidential Compute"

🏆 🎓

TEE coprocessors or "Confidential Compute"

Logeswaran's work

Trusted Executed Environment(TEE) - Why it is so important?

🏆 🎓

Trusted Executed Environment(TEE) - Why it is so important?

ZKON

Blockchain Privacy and Security in Data Computation

🏆 🎓

Blockchain Privacy and Security in Data Computation: Exploring MPC, TEE & ZK.

Yin's work

A survey on privacy preservation techniques for blockchain interoperability

🏆 🎓

(JSA 23) A survey on privacy preservation techniques for blockchain interoperability

Cnudde's work

Analyzing Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts

🏆 🎓

Analyzing Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts

SGX.Fail

To explore the effectiveness of SGX's update mechanisms to prevent attacks on real-world deployments

🏆 🎓

SoK: SGX.Fail: How Stuff Gets eXposed

Brandenburger and Cachin's Work

Challenges for combining smart contracts with trusted computing

🏆 🎓

(SysTEX 18) Challenges for combining smart contracts with trusted computing

Brandenburger, Cachin, Kapitza and Sorniotti's Work

Blockchain and trusted computing: problems, pitfalls, and a solution for Hyperledger fabric

🏆 🎓

(Eprint 18) Blockchain and Trusted Computing: Problems, Pitfalls, and a Solution for Hyperledger Fabric

Brandenburger's Work

Trusted computing meets Blockchain: rollback attacks and a solution for Hyperledger fabric

🏆 🎓

(SRDS 18) Trusted Computing Meets Blockchain: Rollback Attacks and a Solution for Hyperledger Fabric

Rabimba's Work

Lessons Learned from Blockchain Applications of Trusted Execution Environments and Implications for Future Research

🏆 🎓

(HASP 21) Lessons Learned from Blockchain Applications of Trusted Execution Environments and Implications for Future Research

Li's Work

SoK: TEE-assisted confidential smart contract

🏆 🎓

(PETS 22) SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract

Bao's Work

When blockchain meets SGX: an overview, challenges, and open issues

🏆 🎓

(IEEE Access 20) When Blockchain Meets SGX:An Overview, Challenges, and Open Issues

Hashkey Group's Report

Privacy networks: the future of smart contract platforms

🏆 🎓

(Report 22) Privacy networks: the future of smart contract platforms

Tencent's Report

Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing on Blockchain via TEE

🍀 🎓

(Report 20) Secure Computations in Decentralized Environments

Song's Report in Research Faculty Summit 2018

Towards secure, practical confidential computing with open source secure enclave

🍀 🎓

(Report 18) Towards secure, practical confidential computing with open source secure enclave

He's Report

SGX and cryptocurrencies

🍀 🎓

(Report 18) SGX and cryptocurrencies

Lekssays's Report

Confidentiality-preserving smart contracts

🏆 🎓

(Report 21) Confidentiality-preserving Smart Contracts

Dawn Song's Report

Towards privacy-preserving smart Contracts at scale

🏆 🎓

(Report 21) Towards Privacy-preserving Smart Contracts at Scale

Kumaresan's Report

Privacy-preserving smart contracts

🏆 🎓

(Report 16) Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts

Li's Report

Confidential smart contract introduction

🏆 🎓

(Report 22) Confidential smart contract introduction